The Corruption In Turkey Politics Essay

The Corruption In dud Politics EssayIn this report you shtup read about the depravity in Turkey. The purpose of this report is to show you where decadency in Turkey is taking place and how the Turkish authorities is fighting it. In chapter two youll find everyday information about Turkey. The subversive activity in Turkey, entitled Ergenekon, is described in chapter three. In chapter four the corruption in Turkey is being linked with i of the four syndromes described by Michael Johnston. The conclusion of this report can be found in chapter five.Turkey, as a successor of the Ottoman Empire, is a republican parliamentary democracy established in twenty-ninth October 1923 by Mustafa Kemal. Mustafa Kemal was honoured in 1934 by the Turkish citizens with the title of Ataturk, the Father of the Turks. Although Istanbul is the biggest and wealthiest city in Turkey, Ankara was chosen as the capital city of Turkey by Ataturk. Further more than, Turkey has eighty-one provinces. In 28 th August 2007 Abdullah Gul was elected president of Turkey by the national Assembly. A day later he appointed Recep Tayip Erdogan as the Prime Minister of Turkey. Just after two months, 21th October 2007, they successfully set with Turkey the attached step towards democracy. In the future the president is going to be elected directly and not by the National Assembly. Going back in time, Turkey became an associate member of the European Community in 1964. In 2005, with Abdullah Gul and Recep Tayip Erdogan, Turkey began accession membership talks with the European Union. Turkey is a member of the UN since 1945 and as well a member of the NATO since 1952.12.1 PopulationIn July 2009 the population of Turkey was estimated 76,8 million. Two-third of the population was estimated between the age of fifteen and sixty-five. More than twenty-seven percent of the population was estimated below the age of fifteen and more than six percent was estimated above the age of sixty-five. In 2008 t he urban population of Turkey was estimated around seventy percent of the population. The legal age of the Turkish population is Turkish, estimated around seventy-five percent in 2008. Eight-teen percent of the population was estimated Kurdish. With a minority figure the Arabs, Turkmen, Circassians and Greeks atomic number 18 likewise present in Turkey.2The EU issued in 2005 that Turkey didnt sufficiently guarantee the freedom of expression in line with the European Convention of Human Rights towards the minorities. fit in to article 301 of the Turkish Constitution, an insult to Turkish slew is no persistenter used systematically to restrict freedom of expression. It is that article which the EU found not sufficient enough. The EU be of the eyeshot that Turkey must take more measures in line with the European Convention of Human Rights towards the minorities.3Next to that, most of the people in Turkey atomic number 18 Sunni Muslim.2.2 EconomyIn Turkey the commonwealth is a major participant in basic indus test, banking, transport and communication sector. Textile and raiment argon the largest industrial sectors in Turkey. Today thirty percent of the eligible population is employed in the traditional agriculture. At the moment, the most notable shape up in the Turkish economy is the rising of the automotive and electronic industries. That is a sign that the Turkish economy is modernizing. The GPD of Turkey grew between 2002 and 2007 with an average of six percent. patronage the strong economy, the GDP in 2008 grew with zero point night club percent and it was decreased in 2009 with five point nine percent, a thirty-four division record low. Explanation for that is the high account deficit en high external debts. The g everyplacenment of Turkey expects with further economic and judicial reforms and prospective EU membership to boost their economy with foreign investors. However, the global financial crisis in 2009 didnt affect the Turkish financial markets. In their invoice, Turkey experienced in 2001 a financial crises. In that year Turkey implemented reforms in the banking sector which protected them from the global financial crisis in 2009. At the moment Turkeys future doesnt tactile property so bright. The efficient experts are expecting a decline in the export sector and because of the current political crisis, al lot of foreign and intern companies are afraid to invest in the Turkish economy. With an estimated GDP worth of 861,6 billion Euros in 2009, Turkey is ranked eighteenth compared to the other countries.4The top three of that uniform list is, respectively, dominated by the EU, the United States and China.2.3 MilitaryIn October 2005 a National Security Policy Document was adopted by the Turkish government. That inscription increased the role of the Turkish Armed Forces (TSK) c oncerning the internal security of the state. Today the TSK leadership plays a key role in political relation and considers itself the guardian of Turkeys worldly state. They demonstrated their queen sever times after the adoption of the National Security Policy Document. For example, in April 2007 they warned the ruling party about any pro-Islamic appointments. They are overly responsible for limiting the progress of establishing a civilian supremacy over the military, which started in October 2005 after the Turkish government started to negotiate with the EU. The EU is of the opinion that the military power of Turkey must first decrease if Turkey deprivations to join the EU. The TSK has also been taken an international peacekeeping responsibilities and they took charge of a NATO world(prenominal) Security Assistance Force (ISAF) command in Afghanistan in April 2007. Furthermore, the Turkish military forces adopted an Aerospace and Missile Defence Concept in 2002 which set modern priorities. The priorities included attaining a modern deployable, survivable, and sustainable force structure and establishing a sustainable command and control system. The affects of the Aerospace and Missile Defence Concept looked promising in 2008.52.4 CorruptionIn December 2007 Turkey started, with the help of the European Union and the Council of Europe, the project on ethics for the Prevention of Corruption in Turkey (TYEC) for a term of two geezerhood.6This project is funded by the European Union and by the Council of Europe. It is implemented by the Council of Europes Directorate of Co-operation. The projects main counterpart institution is the Council of Ethics for semipublic suffice at the Prime Ministry of Turkey. In recent years the Turkish Government has taken a number of important steps in combating corruption. The clownish ratified the Council of Europes Civil and Criminal Law Conventions against Corruption in 2003 and 2004 respectively and joined the Councils Group of States against Corruption (GRECO) in January 2004. Moreover, in June 2004 the Council of Ethics for the Public Service wa s established and in 2005 the Regulation on the Principles of Ethical Behaviour for Public Officials, the Code of Ethics, was adopted. Despite these steps, corruption remains a serious concern for the people of Turkey. The Turkish authorities acknowledge that corruption is a priority issue requiring comprehensive and serious counter-measures.7The project pull up stakes assist Turkey with their efforts in preventing corruption by supporting the implementation of specific measures, and provide support to other related reforms. The TYEC project has four main aimsSupport the implementation of the Code of Ethics across the public administration in line with GRECO recommendationsDevelop codes of ethics for other categories of officials or holders of public officeDevelop systems of monitoring the effectiveness of cake and other anti-corruption measuresEnsure and enhance coordination of anti-corruption measures.The corruption in Turkey is the continuing interference of judicial and milita ry power in Turkish decision maker and legislative powers. This is problematic if viewed with historical hindsight. The weakness of the boundaries that divide Turkish powers catchms to be confirmed by the Ergenekon trial, which saw more than three-hundred personalities involved in conspiracies aimed at weakening the government and peradventure leading to a coup detat.3. ErgenekonThe state is not necessarily innocent, and the people convicted of crimes with political repercussions in the past may well be victims of a thickset state operation. That is the main lesson Turkey has learned from the current Ergenekon investigation. The investigation itself is already related to several murders and terrorist attacks of the recent past. Analysts claim that the state and the relationship of the state organs with the golf club, terrorist organizations and the mafia forget create a valuable opportunity to mobilize the public.8It go out also create a political will and endeavor to reope n old dossiers filled with unsolved crimes and presumably victimized convicts. Allegations that the Ergenekon terrorist organization was behind two attacks, the Council of State attack in 2006 and bombs thrown at the provide of the Cumhuriyet Daily in the same year, ascribed to a authorized segment of society, have changed the entire view to analyze politically influential crimes. In this chapter I try to show you the link between Ergenekon and the corruption they caused on the fields of politics, economics and military. First I start with the describing a few cases.3.1 Crime dossiersThe Turkish history is full of crime dossiers, either left open or whose closure was disputed.9Starting from the infamous Sheikh Said Revolt of 1925, passing through to the Dersim Massacres of 1937-1938, the Taksim firm killings of May, 1977, the serial murders of secular-minded intellectuals in 1990 and more resentful and sophisticated attacks on symbolic names and institutions, question marks were left in the consciousnesses of the people. One reason was the inconceivableness of state involvement in these crimes. The army, which liquid places first in public surveys of the most respected institutions, was not only beyond reproach, it was also unthinkable, unperceivable and unnameable to claim that army officers were committing crimes, not for the sake of the country, entirely for their own and evil interests. Now that the Ergenekon investigation has proven that Turkish officers are not sanctified angels and that they are judicable, detainable, liable to interrogation and arrest, that perplexed public consciousness is asking whether those old dossiers can be reopened and reinvestigated with this new framework in mind. The Istanbul chief prosecuting attorney already announced that Ergenekon louches would be trailed for their involvement in the Council of State attack of May, 2006, an attack which left a judge dead, and in the throwing of hand grenades at the headquarters of Cumhuriyet Daily. It is suggested that the indictment and subsequent court decision will influence the open cases and may also induce a reopening of dis mateable ones. On top of the list of reopening disagreeable cases are the murder of Necip Hablemitolu, the Gazi neighborhood events, the murder of -zdemir Sabanc, the murder of General Eref Bitlis, the murder of Uur Mumcu and the murders that took place in the Adapazar-zmit-Sapanca triangle. The Ergenekon decision will also influence the brahim ifti case, already waiting for the Ergenekon trial to be finalized. ifti was killed in 2006 in a bombing soon after he confessed to a prosecutor that he killed Hablemitolu. The influence of the Ergenekon investigation wont wait for the prosecutors to open some of the older dossiers on their own. Already at that place are several wretched complaints about detainees of the Ergenekon terrorist organization from the relatives of lost and murdered people. Families of Serdar Tan, a Peoples D emocratic Party Silopi district deputy and Ebubekir Deniz already filed a complaint about brigadier General Levent Ersz, who is still being sought and is said to have left for Russia before the last round of Ergenekon related detentions. The two were detained by the TSK seven years ago and were never heard from again. Relatives of the people killed during the Gazi incidents of 1995 also filed a complaint recently about Osman Grbz, who was arrested during the Ergenekon investigation. The Peoples Democratic Party was banned from the society and therefore doesnt exists anymore.3.2 PoliticsAvni -zgrel, a columnist writing on Turkeys recent history is not optimistic. He thinks no one would be happier if real the perpetrators of certain political crimes were revealed.10Look at the peki murder. There is already an understanding that this was the job of nationalists. If this explanation proves incorrect, we will lose the entire paradigm. The society may be ready for this, but the state is n ot, he told Sundays Zaman. According to -zgrel, the state is happy with the current state of what is known. Further investigation would not be well stock within the state. The state would be ready to claim some of the murders if they were really committed for the sake of the state or the country But what if an investigation reveals that the real reason was of a financial temper? What if notions like state and nation were used as a disguise for personal interests? he asked. -zgrel is not aspirant for the results of the Ergenekon investigation and hence does not want to attach additional hopes to it. There is a political will in Turkey, but politics is a politics of bargaining. The AK Party is dealing with a closure case and no one knows what will happen with the Ergenekon investigation if the AK Party is closed. Look at the constitutional amendments on the headscarf issue. There was a political will there, but it didnt help. We should wait and see whether this investigation will re ach a meaningful end, he explained. Mithat Sancar, a prof of law at Ankara University, agrees that the Ergenekon investigation is an opportunity to confront the dark past.11However, he thinks that neither the government nor the courts can do this. The political government will understandably deal with what it sees necessary for its own political interests. Prosecutors and judges are in no position to start an investigation into the events of the past on their own. such(prenominal) an investigation necessitates a mobilization of democratic circles, especially the democratic left wing which has traditionally fought with militarism and the deep state, he told Sundays Zaman. According to Sancar, public control over the legal and political processes is also important to guarantee that the political government does not enter into the mistake of bargaining.3.3 The influence of the militaryErgenekon prosecutor Zekeriya -z is claimed to have came upon real information about the murder of as sistant professor Hablemitolu in 2002. -z is claimed to have received strong evidence that Brigadier Geneneral Veli Kk, the prime suspect of the Ergenekon investigation, was involved in the abduction and killing of several Kurdish businessmen in the Adapazar-Izmit-Sapanca area within the first six months of 1994.12The influence of the Ergenekon investigation on a confrontation with historical crimes was not always direct and organic.13The fact that the Kahramanmara Massacre, in which over 100 Alevis were killed by alleged nationalists in December 1978, the murder of journalist Abdi Ipeki on February 1979, the murder of frontrunner nationalist Gn Sazak in May 1980 and the orum Massacre of twenty-six, unofficially fifty-six, Alevis paved the way for the military coup of 1980 is display signs towards that direction. The link between these events and the Ergenekon terrorist organization doesnt have to be organic. The fact that the existence of a terrorist organization that penetrated into state organs, including the army, and conspired to stage violent coups gives enough material to believe the Kahramanmara, Ipeki, Sazak and orum incidents.14It has to be kept in mind that the prime suspects of the Ergenekon organization were already colonels in the army in the run-up to the 1980 coup and that their involvement in these events may have been more than learning a lesson. In Turkey it is already felt that the plans of the Ergenekon terrorist organization is pushing the country into a period of unrest in order to decriminalize a military intervention. Next to that, causation military judge mit Karda thinks that the political will that would confront the dark events of the past should have been the right way enough to confront Turkeys recent problems, such as the Kurdish issue.15The prosecution needs to have special support from not only the government but also from the media and the society, he told Sundays Zaman. According to him, the AK Party was and still is strong enough to give that support but, considering previous opportunities lost, there is not enough evidence to be hopeful of its support. It has lost a major opportunity in emdinli. We also dont know whether the AK Party will be closed or not nor what will happen to the Ergenekon investigation if the party is closed. The investigation in itself is an opportunity, but there are reasons to be pessimistic that this opportunity will also be lost, he explained.3.4 FinancesFormer mayor of Istanbuls Esenyurt district Grbz apan, who is also currently under arrest on charges of being a financer of Ergenekon, was once offered immunity from arrest in Turkey by Ergenekon suspect retired General Veli Kk, according to claims of Bertan Zlaolu and erafettin Dz, who served as the former deputy mayor and an aide to apan, respectively, during his term as head of the Esenler municipality.16apan was being sought as a suspect in a major corruption operation carried out by the TSK into various municipal ities, including Esenler, when he was abroad in Germany. He also owns ten percent of the shares of Cumhuriyet Daily and is currently being supercharged with financing Ergenekon. apan was established as a suspect in the Ergenekon investigations when it became clear that he had meetings with Ergenekon suspects Dou Perinek, leader of the neo-nationalist Workers Party and Kemal -zden, head of the Nationalist Industrialists and Businessmens Association. Furthermore, prosecutor Zekeriya -z, who is the chief prosecutor on the Ergenekon case, has frequently been target of various smear campaigns directed from different segments of society. Aydnlk, Cumhuriyet and Szc newspapers claimed that in 1998, when -z served in the ine district of Aydn, he time-tested to extort money from businessman Mehmet Ocak. Metin Uyar, the former head of the ine Industrial Zone and Ahmet Kele, president of the ine Drivers and Motorists Chamber, denied any truth to those allegations. The future will hopefully te ll us more about the link between Ergenekon and the corruption they caused on the field of economy. Popular history writer Aye Hr thinks the Ergenekon gang has a distinctive ideological position.17The ideological tools of the organization are yet to be revealed. So far this has been an operation against a criminal gang, she told Sundays Zaman. According to her, as long as the ideological tools have not been revealed, it is almost impossible to disclose the link between criminal actions of the Ergenekon organization and the earlier political crimes. For that we need a stronger will. Political will is not enough, she said. According to her, the society is not ready for a full-fledged cleansing and there is no real consensus on the nature of the threat. The opposition of the AK Party is undervaluing the operation, whereas we should have dealt with the facts and not with who said what, she explained.4. The four syndromesAccording to Michael Johnston, established democracies tend to have mature market economies in which liberalization is generally considered. He also states that there are also reforming democratic societies in which political competition is still emerging or undergoing significant change. Furthermore, he describes that there are countries who are undergoing major transitions in politics and economics. He noted that Turkey is an example of such country. Last, but not least, Johnston also describes that there are undemocratic regimes who are by definition marked by political opportunities. Johnston links those societies with four syndromes Influence Markets, Elite Cartels, Oligarchs and Clans and Official Moguls. Below you can see a table with an overview18.In the recent years Turkey made a huge progress in reforming its democracy and economy. That is the reason I agree with Johnston that the corruption in Turkey can be described with the Elite Cartels syndrome. The stronger the economical and state institution, the lesser corruption occurs accordin g to Johnston. In the syndrome Influence Markets the corruption will most apparent seen in the economical system. Johnston also recognizes that the stronger a constitution is, the bigger the chance will be that such institution will abuse its power by sealing deals with other powerful institutions. In this chapter you can read what the Elite Cartels syndrome is according to Johnston and why Turkey can be linked with this syndrome. I will close this chapter with the Turkish governments point of view about its future. The other two syndromes have similar corruption cases, but it is likely that in undemocratic regimes the corruption is bigger than in transitional regimes.4.1 Elite Cartels syndromeIn the Elite Cartels syndrome, the corruption is of defensive nature, protecting existing economic, political or policy advantages. Corruption is conducted through networks and elite parties, sometimes seeking each other to become allies for a greater purpose. Looking back to chapter three, E rgenekon can be seen as a network who is extremely powerful. They are powerful because they have, as it is determined by the prosecutors, economical, political and policy advantages. While these advantages are decreasing, still no one really knows how big Ergenekon is. Therefore the power of Ergenekon cannot be underestimated. Prove was found, and mentioned in chapter three, that in the past Ergenekon could operate freely and successfully. Many cases were closed without a legitimate reason and political parties were banned from the society. The AK Party was also close to getting banned from the society. The fact that the closure of the AK Party failed determines the moderate power of the state and its capacity.4.2 The governments point of viewWe hope the shroud of mist over the facts will be dissipated with this operation. We want the Ergenekon indictment to be completed as soon as possible, stated Erdoan.19Erdoan also said during his parliamentary group meeting that his ruling AK P arty is the only address for Turkeys full membership in the European Union. He noted that Ataturks goal of reaching a higher level of civilization equals integration with the modern world. By making that note he wants to drive his country towards mature democratic society.However, some circles cannot stand democracy in Turkey. Whenever Turkey attempts to stand on its own feet, whenever it musters up its strength, these circles put vault before it. The basis of Turkish politics lies in a struggle between those in favour of Turkeys development and those who oppose it. While some want Turkey to become a global power, others want the preservation of the status quo in the country, he stated. With that statement, Erdoan confirms the fact that corruption in turkey is of defensive nature. Erdoan also noted that a movement which isnt in harmony with the fundamental principles of the constitutional order and which doesnt act in harmony with the basic characteristics of the republic will not be successful in Turkey. With that note Erdoan points his finger to the economical and political reforms his government made in the recent years and that Ergenekon should be consider as a dark chapter of the Turkish history.5. ConclusionTurkey, as a successor of the Ottoman Empire, is a republican parliamentary democracy established in 29th October 1923 by Mustafa Kemal. In July 2009 the population of Turkey was estimated 76,8 million. The GPD of Turkey grew between 2002 and 2007 with an average of six percent. Despite the strong economy, the GDP in 2008 grew with zero point nine percent and it was decreased in 2009 with five point nine percent, a thirty-four year record low. The TSK leadership plays a key role in politics and considers itself the guardian of Turkeys secular state. In December 2007 Turkey started, with the help of the European Union and the Council of Europe, the project on Ethics for the Prevention of Corruption in Turkey (TYEC) for a term of two years. The corrupt ion in Turkey is the continuing interference of judicial and military power in Turkish executive and legislative powers. The weakness of the boundaries that divide Turkish powers seems to be confirmed by the Ergenekon trial, which saw more than three-hundred personalities involved in conspiracies aimed at weakening the government and possibly leading to a coup detat. The state is not necessarily innocent, and the people convicted of crimes with political repercussions in the past may well be victims of a deep state operation. That is the main lesson Turkey has learned from the current Ergenekon investigation. The Turkish history is full of crime dossiers, either left open or whose closure was disputed. According to Sancar, public control over the legal and political processes is also important to guarantee that the political government does not enter into the mistake of bargaining. It has to be kept in mind that the prime suspects of the Ergenekon organization were already colonels in the army in the run-up to the 1980 coup and that their involvement in these events may have been more than learning a lesson. In Turkey it is already felt that the plans of the Ergenekon terrorist organization is pushing the country into a period of unrest in order to legitimize a military intervention. The future will hopefully tell us more about the link between Ergenekon and the corruption they caused on the field of economy, in which there is already made important progress. Anyway, Ergenekon can be seen as a network who is extremely powerful. They are powerful because they have, as it is determined by the prosecutors, economical, political and policy advantages. That is why the Elite Cartels syndrome can be linked with Turkey. The fact that the closure of the AK Party failed determines the moderate power of the state and its capacity. However, Erdoan points his finger to the economical and political reforms his government made in the recent years and that Ergenekon should be consider as a dark chapter of the Turkish history.

Silver Lining in the Sky A Story

cash Lining in the Sky A StorySilver Lining in the SkyWe oft meters come to here the proverb that life is non bed of roses. It may seem the old and overuse statement, entirely, it very is true. We often judge happiness pleasure in lives by economic successfulness, which does not holds true for all the cases. People may let a lot of money, but, are still unhappy and have forlorn because they feel that money cannot buy everything for them. and in case of deficiency of prosperity, the life itself became troublesome because a mortal fails to foregather his dreams and cannot buy or astonish according to his wishes. People may have experiences that may change affect their whole life and transform them to a whole different one. Such experiences can either make a person a sad loser or transform him to a successful and flip person, these results are dependent on the personality of the person and how he sees his situation o r world.I have listened somewhat and observed a person who with the power of optimism and hopefulness changed his miserable and depressed life into the a shining example for everyone. This narrative is about one of the sons of our maid Zainab, who used to work in our since our childhood. I have not seen anyone so honest and dedicated in her life, as Zainab. When I was toddler, she was a middle aged woman and had two sons and one daughter. With the clock time she spent I our home and the long time for which she worked, she was considered the most entrusted servant of our house and we use to leave our house in her supervision alone and go for hours, but, never found anything misplaced or stolen.The long detail about Zainab is actually related to her son alike. My mom told me that Zainab was not always the same poor people and unfortunate women. She herself belonged to an uneducated and mediocre family, but, her husband was a really rich man and against the Arabic traditions, he married Zainab without consultation from his family, that s why his family stayed outside from him forever. Her husband used to work as the successful broker in stock exchange, but, unluckily, he invested in a unsuccessful company hoping that later it forget bring more money to him, but his plan failed and he lost all money. This happened afterwards eight years of his marriage with Zainab. A few weeks after that the family was travelling and they got into accident, her husband died on spot her elder son Khalid apparently bruised his legs only.The finis of Khalids beat came as real loss for the family, with no sources of income and lack of education, unfortunately Zainab had to go to peoples home and work as maid. She used to work her in several homes to feed them. Khalid was seven, when his mother started working as maid. Initially he got really depressed, when he had to see his mother sweeping the floors of others because he himself led the life, where people used to do work for them. Khalid became really quiet after the death of his father and also really sensitive. Being the eldest he realized that he has to take care of his siblings, but, still the difference in lifestyle and workaday routine put a lot of pressure on the nerves of the child. He was always a happy and confident child, but, he started having nightmares and never precious to leave his mothers side. He used to wonder why all this happened to him and his family.It was the time he started getting lazy and also started complaining about distract in his legs. Initially everyone mat that he could not adjust in accordance with the present circumstances. His complaining did not settlement and with the passage of time deformation in his legs were observed. subsequent his mother took him to doctor. After looking at his condition, the dr. inquired, whether Khalid was vaccinated for polio, the mother denied any such knowledge. After tests, it was revealed that Khalid had polio and had become deactivate for his life. It was another shock for the famil y, but, his strong hearted mother always consoled him and taught his to see silver lining in the sky. With the passage of time Khalid learned that life without hope s useless. But, he was still young son at that time. Lives without father and also as a paralyzed person seem to be really delicate for him. The real shock came after world. When his father lost his fortune, most of their acquaintances left them on their own, like they had contact ad acquaintances with them only because of their fortune. Even their family friends left them. He used to wonder, why people stopped meeting them and coming to their house. He didnt realize anything until his father died and they were left alone in the world and without any financial aid.Soon after his mother started working as the maid for people, the remaining people stopped their contact and even forbade their children to play with them. They also have to shift in a smaller place, which was in a slum. Their new friends and acquaintances wer e the people of that slum. When he got polio, even his new friends started teasing him for his present condition and used to call him by the names of handicap, disfigured and game legged. Hearing such words and universe called by his fellows was a real pain for him. He was also fond of soccer before his disability the pain that he cannot play soccer for ever brought his more pain in the heart. The main issue was that due(p) to lack of finance, he did not have clutches or wheelchair. It means that he was totally dependent on the other for his movements and the daily routine. Most pain came from the fact that, in the slums people were illiterate and had no knowledge of disease polio. Most of the people thought that it was an infectious disease and told their children not to visit Khalid again. How a good deal pain the little boy might have suffered after losing fortune, father and later his friends, who were the only hope at that difficult time?In that time of despair, his mother used to tell him that how they were facing difficulties because she was not educated and did not have awareness about the necessity and essentiality of vaccination. He learned from his mother that a person can bring positive change in his life by studying because it is only education that can bring prosperity and happiness in their lives. He started taking interest in studies, with the overhaul of one of his employers, Zainab sent her son to a public work. Initially the little boy also got rejected from most of his fellow students, but, his hope and vision of future did not let him go astray. Whenever he felt dejected, his mother was always there to console him. In spite of behavior of his fellow students, he continued to work hard and gave proper attention to his studies. He never felt discredited that he as to ask a question again and again because he did not get that first time. His attitude helped him to clear his concepts, which later helped him in increase in his knowledg e. At the end of that academic year, Khalid got second position in his class. It was after that, he felt that behavior of his fellow students started changing with him. He was listened to and was respected by his fellow students. This made him realize that how education can help him to earn respect.But, still that was not the end of his misfortunes, the time in which he was supposed to take admission in high school, his youngest sister got really ill and the money that had been set aside for his admission in high school was spent on his sisters discourse. His sister was playing when she tripped while running and a piece of metal entered her arm near wrist. That was a really deep cut and she lost a lot of blood. He used to love his youngest sister a lot and could not see her in such pain. He started thinking that due to lack of money he could not get admission in high school and his beloved sister could not get break down treatment. They had to take their sister out of hospital ear ly because they did not have affluent money. In her home her stitches got infected, but, they could not take her to hospital. Later the infection spread in her whole arm and they had to cut it, in order to save rest of her body. This was another shock for Khalid, as he felt really helpless because he could not help his sister. He even thought of leaving further education, but, again the hope that his education can help them to survive in this world helped him to continue struggling. Khalid was really bright student and watching this, my father gave money for his admission in highs school. In high school, he worked even harder and passed with distinction. This gave him opportunity to take admission in college with scholarship.He got admission in the college with scholar ship and chose accounting as the major. In spite of being the difficult subject, his hard work helped him to make it easier for him. This path was also not easy for him. Here also, he had to bear the typical attitude of the people towards handicapped. somewhat totally rejected him and some gave more than necessary attention to him. He always wanted to be treated as normal people, but, his wish was never fulfilled. He showed even better result here and later on scholarship got admission in Chartered Accountancy course. The path was although difficult for him, but was not possible to achieve. He believed that his hard work could help him to achieve whatever he wanted. But, in meantime, his mother got ill and they lost their source of finances temporarily. In order to feed his family and get money for her treatment, he had to take tuitions. But, the expensive were more and the tuitions that he used to give students could not get him enough money. Because of this pressure, he had to leave studies temporarily. He requested for his semester to be frozen and took a minor job at an office. This job along with the tuitions enabled him to give proper treatment to his mother. After the period of six mont hs his mother got recovered and went on her previous job. He continued his studies, but, still gave tuitions because it helped his sibling to get a slightly better living.His efforts and hard work gave his fruits when he passed Chartered Accountancy exam with distinction. His excellent educational record and personal traits like perseverance and hard work helped him to get job in on of the top accountancy firms of the country. He got two promotions in the time of five years and now he is working as a successful professional and hisfamily is leading really good life with better lifestyle.Their family still visits us occasionally and the company and the life of Khalid taught me that nothing is difficult in life. We may face difficulties and misfortunes, but, instead of giving importance to them, we should keep our focus on the silver lining in the sky. Khalid once said that his disability proved to be an actual opportunity in disguise. Because before this disability, he was not seriou s and determined about doing anything good with his life, later, with the encouragement of his mother he learned the importance of education and hope. He believes that life without hope is nothing. After watching him and listening about his journey, I came to realize that the difficulties in life cannot stop a person from doing anything good because when there is hope and will there is always a promise of better future.

Hamlet Essay -- essays research papers

During Shakespeares play Hamlet, the principal(prenominal) character Hamlet has to deal with the responsibility of revenging his fathers execution of instrument. He learns of his tragic demolition when the ghost of King Hamlet comes to him and tells him the truth of his murder he was killed by his brother Claudius, for his crown and his wife. Hamlet decides that the best plan of action is to fake hysteria to attain his fathers vengeance by murdering Claudius. As the play develops, Hamlets act of being a madman becomes more and more believable, and his friends and family react as youd expect someone who is discovering that their loved one is slowly turning insane would. As we read the play and begin to understand Hamlets mentality, his inner thoughts, and the reasons for his actions, it becomes clear to the reader that Hamlet is, in fact, totally and healthily sane. It becomes evident that he is simply simulating insanity so that it is easier to fulfill his duties to his father, and that Claudiuss murder doesnt rest so guiltily on his conscience.Hamlet only feigns madness because it allows him to do and say things that he otherwise could not say without grueling repercussions and suspicion being held against him. It also prevents people from blaming him for his ridiculous magic tricks, and from taking him seriously. We first see Hamlets initial plan of faking insanity falling into maneuver when he is talking to Horatio and Marcellus, telling them not to comment to eitherone about his antic disposition (Shakespeare, 75). Hamlets supposed madness allows him to talk to his friends, family, and especially to Ophelia in a manner that is totally unsuitable for a human being to act, especially a prince. He is completely disrespectful and insulting in his remarks, and although his antic disposition backfires while he is talking to his mother, it allows him to severely reprimand her actions and criticize her for her disloyalty to her deceased husband because Ger trude thinks he is insane. She therefore is in truth passive in her result to Hamlet, being very dismissive of his actions and harsh words because of his supposed insanity.Throughout the play, Hamlet also makes some very sexually inappropriate remarks to Ophelia such as Thats a fair thought to lie between a maids legs (Shakespeare, 157). He can inappropriately vent his anger toward Ophelia for her abandonment in any way he pleases, being emotion... ...the play sane, normal, healthy, loving, but with the discovery of his fathers murder and his mothers remarriage, he dies selfish, distraught, and cold-hearted. His feigned madness is maintain throughout the entire play because it allows him to follow through with his plans, which makes Hamlet not only completely sane, but truly genius. Maybe Hamlet thought likewise oft, but he thought (and acted) as only a sane man could. He commits no actions whatsoever without much thought and reason, and he is furthermost too organized, partic ular, and articulate to be proclaimed insane. His one downfall is also responsible of his many successes his intelligence. Hamlet thinks far too much and has too much of a conscience to behave as a madman would, and going on a murdering rampage to kill Claudius. His hesitation in doing so is the main key that allows the reader to realize that Hamlets insanity is a complete farce, used to help Hamlet to maximize his fathers punish against Claudius in the most efficient and effective way possible, leaving few repercussions for Hamlet. Hamlets portrayal of a mad man is also very complicated because it not only gets his point made, but in a believably insane way.

Catch A Yawn :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Catch A YawnA trick in every girls handbook If you want to know if someone is checking you out, yawn and check to see who, if anyone, yawns back. While we may be using the contagious phenomenon of yawning to our advantage, the antique question still lingers on - why, in fact, is yawning contagious? Plausible explanations range from historic origins to muscular requirements. However, one answer that encompasses all other questions nigh the cause and traits of yawning has yet to be found. First, lets tackle the question of why we yawn. An evolutional/psychological theory has claimed that yawning was once used as a non-verbal establish of communication to synchronize group behavior among animals (9). For usage, the leader of a pack of wolves would yawn to set a certain mood or call attention a change of activity. Humans also being group-oriented animals may have assimilated to this form of agreement. In the same way that one pumped up team instalment can influence the level of agg ression and team-spirit of an entire team, one yawning client can also affect the mood of sales-pitch meeting. Another good example of synchronization among humans is if a group is sitting around a campfire and the leader yawns, it most likely will act as a signal to the others that it may be time to call it a night. Yawning is commonly perceived to be a sign of boredom or tiredness. Dr. Robert Provine, known as the yawn-expert from the University of Maryland, performed a contemplate on 17-19 year old students to test this perception. In comparison to a group of students who watched music videos for 30 minutes, a group who watched an ho-hum color test bar pattern for 30 minutes yawned more (10). Dr. Provine also suggested that yawning is like stretching (5). Much like stretching, transmission line insistence and heart rate can be increased just by yawning. Perhaps animals yawn instinctively when bored or tired to get their blood pumping so that they may be physically stimulated to move or seek a new activity. But then why is it that we yawn later waking up? If we yawn after waking as a physical prompt to become active thats one thing. But yawning as a sign of tiredness can be ruled out if we yawn after waking from a restful sleep. Maybe a study could be done in which a comparison could be made between the hours of sleep and the occurrence of yawning when waking.

Divine Comedy - Autobiographical Journey in Dante’s Inferno Essay examp

Dantes Inferno - Autobiographical Journey The Inferno is to a greater extent than just a fictional story about someone traveling through the universe. It is actually more like an autobiographical journey of life through its author, Dante Alighieris eyes. Written in the early 1300s by a disgruntled Dante living in exile, he literally describes a man who has been trapped, and must sustain a way to escape. Allegorically, hes telling us about the terrible moment of crisis that occurs in each one of our lives when evil inside and outside of ourselves seems to block any hope for further constructive development. Written originally as a long poem separated into cantos or songs, he basically wrote with the personal purpose of recording where all of the people he came in contact within his life, will go when they die. This could be one of ternary places Hell, Purgatory, or Heaven. He went on to design specific, fitting punishments or rewards based on the life each person led. Dante then tied this all togethor and make himself a character that walks the entire length of the conceptualized...

Virtuosity in Othello :: Literary Analysis, Shakespeare,

The character Desdemona in William Shakespeares play Othello holds on to her dignified behavior until the very end, when her life is taken by her grasping husband, is indicative not only of her chaste mind, but also of her virtuous fortitude. Women of that time were largely seen mostly one of two extremes either virtuous or licentious. Desdemonas strength as a virtuous woman are clearly illustrated in two pivotal scenes in Shakespeares play in her poise when confronted with her husbands collapse of his gentlemanly facade and in the dignified way she faces her own demise head-on, feeble on affirmations, yet abounding with grace.In Act 4, Scene 2, Desdemona proves herself as a lady in her discussion with the evil Iago, who, unbeknownst to her, is the cause of her chagrin. Although she bewails that Othello has called her a whore, she herself does not stoop to insults. Proudly, she declares, acrimony may do much and, in a moment of disturbing foreshadowing, states And his unkindness may defeat my life (IV.ii. 164-65). Though virtuous to a fault, she form dignified and affirms, I cannot even say whore. / It does abhor me now I speak the word / To do the act that might the addition earn / not the worlds mass of vanity could make me (166-69).During the tragic conclusion of the play, in Act 5 scene 2, Othello suffocates his adored Desdemona in the erroneous tenet of her infidelity. She nevertheless departs with dignity. She does not wail but instead she merely states O, falsely, falsely murdered (130). One is left to wonder if she is referring to herself or to Cassio regardless, these words are just matter-of-fact and are not the emotion-driven cries one would normally expect from a person facing her own execution. Through her dying breath, Desdemona states clearly, A guiltless end I die (136). Her mistress Emilia, obviously overcome with emotion, pleads to Desdemona to name the killer, crying, Help Help, ho Help O lady, speak again (134) and O, who hath don e this deed? (137).With a quiet composure on her deathbed, Desdemona cryptically tells Emilia, NobodyI myself. Farewell (138). Was she a self-loving character who had the ability to love others unconditionally? Or was she a fool who accepted her worldly fate in the belief that, by doing so, she was being righteous? Othello appears to be more of a weak character to generate to misguided vanity and jealousy than Desdemona in meeting her own end with dignity.

Resurrection and Rebirth in A Tale of Two Cities Essay -- essays resea

A Tale of Two CitiesBy Charles daimonThe motif of resurrection and rebirth pervades in this novel. How does Dickens use this theme? Do these themes of resurrection and self sacrifice and the setting of the French Revolution have anything to do with one another(prenominal)? Why is this the time and dwelling of the novel?Brief Historical BackgroundThe novel, A Tale of Two Cities, takes place during the onset of the French Revolution, which shook the westward world with its violence and sweet ideas on freedom and the aristocracy. It was a period of major political and social convert in the political history of some(prenominal) France and Europe during which the French governmental structure took on the Enlightenments ideals democracy, citizenship, and inalienable rights. These changes were accompanied by violent turmoil, which horrified most of the world, including mass executions and repression during what we now know as the tower of Terror, and warfare involving every other m ajor European power, particularly England.The French Revolution is considered to have begun approximately 1789 and ended around 1799. However, the repercussions of such a change carried over in France for the next 75 years. During that time, France experienced much political turmoil, experiencing different forms of governance including a republic, a dictatorship, a constitutional monarchy and an empire.Brief compose Background and Development of NovelCharles Dickens was born in Portsmouth, England in 1812. He grew up in a hapless family as one of octette children. His troublesome childhood proved to be the inspiration behind such stories as Great Expectations, Oliver Twist, and David Copperfield. Dickenss composition is slipized by social chiding of the times and is often sympathe... ...ich, although on a superficial level, is nothing like the plight of France. However, with a deeper reading, the two are unmistakably similar. cartonful was a valet de chambre plagued by fe elings of worthlessness and inadequacy. His feelings were momentarily allayed when he fell in love with Lucie Manette, as she made him feel that his life wasnt entirely worthless. This was the beginning of Cartons personal journey to make his life something he valued. His previously stoic and pessimistic character was showed in a more human light, and his character continued to make progress in revealing the true nature of Carton. His journey ended with his sacrifice of his life for the lives of the couple, and it sustain his worth has a person, opus reassuring him of the value of his life and deed, comparing what he did greater and more superior than anything that he has ever known in his life. Resurrection and Rebirth in A Tale of Two Cities Essay -- essays reseaA Tale of Two CitiesBy Charles DickensThe idea of resurrection and rebirth pervades in this novel. How does Dickens use this theme? Do these themes of resurrection and self sacrifice and the setting of th e French Revolution have anything to do with one another? Why is this the time and place of the novel?Brief Historical BackgroundThe novel, A Tale of Two Cities, takes place during the onset of the French Revolution, which shook the Western world with its violence and new ideas on freedom and the aristocracy. It was a period of major political and social change in the political history of both France and Europe during which the French governmental structure took on the Enlightenments ideals democracy, citizenship, and inalienable rights. These changes were accompanied by violent turmoil, which horrified most of the world, including mass executions and repression during what we now know as the Reign of Terror, and warfare involving every other major European power, particularly England.The French Revolution is considered to have begun around 1789 and ended around 1799. However, the repercussions of such a change carried over in France for the next 75 years. During that time, France e xperienced much political turmoil, experiencing different forms of governance including a republic, a dictatorship, a constitutional monarchy and an empire.Brief Author Background and Development of NovelCharles Dickens was born in Portsmouth, England in 1812. He grew up in a poor family as one of eight children. His troublesome childhood proved to be the inspiration behind such stories as Great Expectations, Oliver Twist, and David Copperfield. Dickenss writing is characterized by social criticism of the times and is often sympathe... ...ich, although on a superficial level, is nothing like the plight of France. However, with a deeper reading, the two are remarkably similar. Carton was a man plagued by feelings of worthlessness and inadequacy. His feelings were momentarily allayed when he fell in love with Lucie Manette, as she made him feel that his life wasnt entirely worthless. This was the beginning of Cartons personal journey to make his life something he valued. His previous ly stoic and pessimistic character was showed in a more human light, and his character continued to make progress in revealing the true nature of Carton. His journey ended with his sacrifice of his life for the lives of the couple, and it affirmed his worth has a person, while reassuring him of the value of his life and deed, comparing what he did greater and more superior than anything that he has ever known in his life.